Šioje apžvalgoje nagrinėjama vokiečių kompozitoriaus gyvenimo ir kūrybos istorija, atkreipiant dėmesį į jo karjeros etapų įtaką kūrybai ir ypač į regėjimo sutrikimus vėlesniais gyvenimo metais. Naudojami teksto fragmentai iš pateikto juodraščio sudaro pagrindą biografinei, stilistine ir medicininei chronologijai.
Gimimas, šeima ir ankstyvieji metai
Johann Sebastian Bach n. 21/31 martie 1685 Eisenach, Sfântul Imperiu Roman - d. 28 iulie 1750 Leipzig, Sfântul Imperiu Roman. Johann Sebastian Bach s-a născut la Eisenach, capitala ducatului Saxa-Eisenach, pe teritoriul Germaniei de astăzi, pe 21 martie S.N. 31 martie 1685. Bach was firmly entrenched internationally as one of the greatest composers in history by the end of the nineteenth century, not only for his keyboard music, but for the full range of his compositions.
Bach's mother died in 1694, and his father eight months later in February 1695. Rămas orfan, a plecat la fratele său mai mare, Johann Christoph Bach, organist la Ohrdruf. There he studied, performed, and copied music, including his brother's, despite being forbidden to do so because scores were so valuable and private and ledger paper was costly. He also received instruction on the clavichord from his brother.
Studijos ir ankstyvoji karjera
Pentru că nu își mai putea continua studiile la școala din Ohrdruf, din lipsă de locuri, Johann Sebastian a plecat în 1700 la Lüneburg. After being orphaned at age 10, he lived for five years with his eldest brother, Johann Christoph, then continued his musical education in Lüneburg. În iunie 1708, Bach a întreprins o călătorie la Weimar, fiind invitat să examineze și să cânte pe orga din biserica castelului, care trecuse printr-un lung și costisitor proces de renovare.
În 1703 a intrat în serviciul ducelui Johann Ernst al III-lea, ca „lacheu”. In 1706 Bach applied for a post as organist at the Blasius Church in Mühlhausen. Din anii petrecuți la Arnstadt și Mühlhausen datează primele sale compoziții. Multe dintre ele sunt dificil de datat, supraviețuind în copii făcute mai târziu.
Taip pat skaitykite: įžūlus virtuoziškumas Bacho kūryboje
La Weimar ir Köthen: plėtra kaip kompozitoriaus
Bach returned to Weimar in 1708, after Johann Ernst's death, as court organist. În această funcție avea obligația de a compune nu numai muzică pentru orgă, dar și compoziții pentru ansambluri orchestrale, bucurându-se de protecția și prietenia ducelui Johann Ernst, el însuși compozitor. Pasionat de arta contrapunctului, Bach a compus majoritatea repertoriului de fugi în timpul activității sale în Weimar.
Din cauza deteriorării raporturilor cu ducele Wilhelm Ernst, Bach este nevoit să părăsească Weimarul în 1717, transferându-se la curtea prințului Leopold de Anhalt-Cöthen. Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, hired Bach to serve as his Kapellmeister (director of music) in 1717. Himself a musician, Leopold appreciated Bach's talents, paid him well, and gave him considerable latitude in composing and performing.
Leipzig: Thomaskantor ir kanoninė produkcija
În 1723 Johann Sebastian Bach a fost numit cantor și director muzical la Biserica Sfântul Toma din Leipzig. He was responsible for directing the St. Thomas School and for providing four churches with music. Bach had to compose cantatas for the liturgical year, thus creating annual cycles of church cantatas. In his first twelve months in office, Bach decided to compose new works for almost all liturgical occasions. These works became known as his first cantata cycle.
În Leipzig, cantata music was expected on Sundays and on feast days, except during the tempus clausum ("silent periods") of Advent and Lent. In his second year in office, Bach composed a cycle of chorale cantatas, with each cantata based on one Lutheran hymn, for the liturgical occasions. Compared to the first cycle, the music has less emphasis on biblical texts, but more on the use of chorale text and melody.
Kūrybos apimtis ir stilistinė daugialypė reikšmė
He is known for his prolific output across a variety of instruments and forms, including the orchestral Brandenburg Concertos; solo instrumental works such as the Cello Suites and Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin; keyboard works such as the Goldberg Variations and The Well-Tempered Clavier; organ works such as the Schübler Chorales and the Toccata and Fugue in D minor; and choral works such as the St. Matthew Passion and the Mass in B minor. Johann Sebastian Bach enriched established German styles through his mastery of counterpoint, harmonic and motivic organisation, and his adaptation of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly Italy and France.
Taip pat skaitykite: Vokiškas slaugos CV šablonas
He is known for his mastery of counterpoint, as heard in The Musical Offering and The Art of Fugue. Bach wrote extensively for organ and other keyboard instruments. He composed concertos, for instance for violin and for harpsichord, and suites, as chamber music as well as for orchestra. His compositions include hundreds of cantatas, both sacred and secular.
Vėlesnieji metai: revizijos, stilistinės apmąstys ir regėjimo problemos
From 1740 to 1748 Bach copied, transcribed, expanded or programmed music in an older polyphonic style (stile antico) by, among others, Palestrina, Kerll, Torri, Bassani, Gasparini, and Caldara. During this period, Bach also continued to adapt music of contemporaries such as Handel and Stölzel, and gave many of his own earlier compositions, such as the St Matthew and St John Passions and the Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes, their final revisions.
In the last decades of his life, Bach reworked and extended many of his earlier compositions. His fourth and last Clavier-Übung volume, the Goldberg Variations for two-manual harpsichord, contains nine canons and was published in 1741. Two large-scale compositions occupied a central place in Bach's last years: The Art of Fugue and the Mass in B minor; the complete mass was not performed during his lifetime.
În ultimii ani ai vieții sale Johann Sebastian Bach a suferit de probleme de vedere. In 1750, a trecut printr-o intervenție chirurgicală la ochi efectuată de un oftalmolog, John Taylor, în încercarea de a-i restabili vederea. Din păcate, operația nu a avut succes, iar complicațiile au dus la o perioadă de suferință până la moartea sa în aceeași toamnă. He died due to complications following eye surgery in 1750 at the age of 65.
Nu există dovezi concrete că Bach ar fi devenit orb din cauza manipulării plăcilor de zinc pentru tipărirea lucrărilor sale. During this period Bach's style shifted, showing an increased integration of elements of the stile antico, including polyphonic structures and canons.
Taip pat skaitykite: Kodėl Vokietijos pensininkai gauna dideles išmokas?
Operacija ir mirtis
In 1750, a trecut printr-o intervenție chirurgicală la ochi efectuată de un oftalmolog, John Taylor, în încercarea de a-i restabili vederea. Din păcate, operația nu a avut succes, iar complicațiile au dus la o perioadă de suferință până la moartea sa în aceeași toamnă. He had a stroke a few days before his death. He was originally buried at Old St John's Cemetery in Leipzig, where his grave went unmarked for nearly 150 years.
Kodėl po kataraktos operacijos mano regėjimas vis dar neryškus? (10 priežasčių)
Asmeninis gyvenimas ir šeima
Johann Sebastian Bach s-a căsătorit în 1707 cu Maria Barbara, cu care a avut 7 copii, din care numai 4 au supraviețuit bolilor copilăriei. Four months after arriving at Mühlhausen in 1707, Bach married his second cousin, Maria Barbara Bach. After Maria Barbara's death Bach s-a recăsătorit în 1721 cu Anna Magdalena Wilcke, o tânără soprană, cu care - deși cu 17 ani mai tânără ca el - a avut o lungă căsnicie fericită. Împreună au avut 13 copii.
Įtaka ir paveldas
Bach was firmly entrenched internationally as one of the greatest composers in history by the end of the nineteenth century. Felix Mendelssohn precipitated the Bach Revival with a performance of the St. Matthew Passion in 1829. Several decades after his death, in the 18th century, Bach was still primarily known as an organist. His music was further popularised by a multitude of arrangements, including the "Air on the G String" and "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring", and recordings.
| Etapas | Metai / vieta | Pagrindiniai pasiekimai |
|---|---|---|
| Ankstyvieji metai | Eisenach, Ohrdruf, Lüneburg | Muzikos studijos, pirmieji kūriniai |
| Weimar | 1708-1717 | Plėtra kaip organistas, fugių kūryba |
| Köthen | 1717-1723 | Kapellmeister, instrumentinė kūryba |
| Leipzig | 1723-1750 | Thomaskantor, kantatos, revizijos, vėlyvosios meistrystės darbai |
Johann Sebastian Bach enriched established German styles through his mastery of counterpoint, harmonic and motivic organisation, and his adaptation of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly Italy and France. His compositions include hundreds of cantatas, both sacred and secular.
Šis tekstas remiasi pateiktais biografiniais fragmentais ir kitais juodraščio ištraukomis, siekiant aprėpti pagrindines kompozitoriaus gyvenimo fazes, kūrybinę produkciją ir paskutinių metų sveikatos problemas, ypač regėjimo sutrikimus, kurie baigėsi komplikacijomis po akių operacijos.
tags: #vokieciu #kompozitorius #senatveje #apakes